Decision making structures require that the programmer specify one or more conditions to be evaluated or tested by the program, along with a statement or statements to be executed if the condition is determined to be true, and optionally, other statements to be executed if the condition is determined to be false.
Following is the general from of a typical decision making structure found in most of the programming languages:
C programming language assumes any non-zero and non-null values as true and if it is either zero ornull then it is assumed as false value.
C programming language provides following types of decision making statements. Click the following links to check their detail.
| Statement | Description |
|---|---|
| if statement | An if statement consists of a boolean expression followed by one or more statements. |
| if...else statement | An if statement can be followed by an optional else statement, which executes when the boolean expression is false. |
| nested if statements | You can use one if or else if statement inside another if or else if statement(s). |
| switch statement | A switch statement allows a variable to be tested for equality against a list of values. |
| nested switch statements | You can use one swicth statement inside another switchstatement(s). |
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THE IF STATEMENT :
An if statement consists of a boolean expression followed by one or more statements.
Syntax:
The syntax of an if statement in C programming language is:
if(boolean_expression) { /* statement(s) will execute if the boolean expression is true */ }
If the boolean expression evaluates to true then the block of code inside the if statement will
be executed. If boolean expression evaluates to false then the first set of code after the end
of the if statement(after the closing curly brace) will be executed.
C programming language assumes any non-zero and non-null values as true and if it is
either zero ornull then it is assumed as false value.
Flow Diagram:
Example:
#include <stdio.h> int main () { /* local variable definition */ int a = 10; /* check the boolean condition using if statement */ if( a < 20 ) { /* if condition is true then print the following */ printf("a is less than 20\n" ); } printf("value of a is : %d\n", a); return 0; }
When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces following result:
a is less than 20; value of a is : 10
/*******************************************************************************/
THE IF-ELSE STATEMENT :
An if statement can be followed by an optional else statement, which executes when the boolean expression is false.
Syntax:
The syntax of an if...else statement in C programming language is:
if(boolean_expression)
{
/* statement(s) will execute if the boolean expression is true */
}
else
{
/* statement(s) will execute if the boolean expression is false */
}
If the boolean expression evaluates to true then the if block of code will be executed otherwise else blockof code will be executed.
C programming language assumes any non-zero and non-null values as true and if it is either zero ornull then it is assumed as false value.
Flow Diagram:
Example:
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{ /* local variable definition */ int a = 100; /* check the boolean condition */ if( a < 20 ) { /* if condition is true then print the following */ printf("a is less than 20\n" ); } else { /* if condition is false then print the following */ printf("a is not less than 20\n" ); } printf("value of a is : %d\n", a); return 0; }
When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces following result:
a is not less than 20; value of a is : 100
The if...else if...else Statement(nested-if-else) :
An if statement can be followed by an optional else if...else statement, which is very useful
to test various conditions using single if...else if statement.
When using if , else if , else statements there are few points to keep in mind.
- An if can have zero or one else's and it must come after any else if's
- .An if can have zero to many else if's and they must come before the else.
- Once an else if succeeds, none of the remaining else if's or else's will be tested.
Syntax:
The syntax of an if...else if...else statement in C programming language is:
if(boolean_expression 1)
{
/* Executes when the boolean expression 1 is true */
}
else if( boolean_expression 2)
{
/* Executes when the boolean expression 2 is true */
}
else if( boolean_expression 3)
{
/* Executes when the boolean expression 3 is true */
}
else
{
/* executes when the none of the above condition is true */
}
Example:
#include<stdio.h>
int main () { /* local variable definition */ int a = 100; /* check the boolean condition */ if( a == 10 ) { /* if condition is true then print the following */ printf("Value of a is 10\n" ); } else if( a == 20 ) { /* if else if condition is true */ printf("Value of a is 20\n" ); } else if( a == 30 ) { /* if else if condition is true */ printf("Value of a is 30\n" ); } else { /* if none of the conditions is true */ printf("None of the values is matching\n" ); } printf("Exact value of a is: %d\n", a ); return 0; }
When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces following result:
None of the values is matching Exact value of a is: 100
the switch sttement :
A switch statement allows a variable to be tested for equality against a list of values. Each value is called a case, and the variable being switched on is checked for each switch case.
Syntax:
The syntax for a switch statement in C programming language is as follows:
switch(expression){
case constant-expression :
statement(s);
break; /* optional */
case constant-expression :
statement(s);
break; /* optional */
/* you can have any number of case statements */
default : /* Optional */
statement(s);
}
The following rules apply to a switch statement:
- The expression used in a switch statement must have an integral or enumerated type, or be of a class type in which the class has a single conversion function to an integral or enumerated type.
- You can have any number of case statements within a switch. Each case is followed by the value to be compared to and a colon.The constant-expression for a case must be the same data type as the variable in the switch, and it must be a constant or a literal.
- When the variable being switched on is equal to a case, the statements following that case will execute until a break statement is reached.
- When a break statement is reached, the switch terminates, and the flow of control jumps to the next line following the switch statement.Not every case needs to contain a break. If no break appears, the flow of control will fall through to subsequent cases until a break is reached.
- A switch statement can have an optional default case, which must appear at the end of the switch. The default case can be used for performing a task when none of the cases is true.
- No break is needed in the default case.
Flow Diagram:
Example:
#include<stdio.h>
int main () { /* local variable definition */ char grade = 'B'; switch(grade) { case 'A' : printf("Excellent!\n" ); break; case 'B' : case 'C' : printf("Well done\n" ); break; case 'D' : printf("You passed\n" ); break; case 'F' : printf("Better try again\n" ); break; default : printf("Invalid grade\n" ); } printf("Your grade is %c\n", grade ); return 0; }
When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces following result:
Well done Your grade is B
The ? : Operator:
We have covered conditional operator ? : in previous chapter which can be used to replace if...elsestatements. It has the following general form:
Exp1 ? Exp2 : Exp3;
Where Exp1, Exp2, and Exp3 are expressions. Notice the use and placement of the colon.
The value of a ? expression is determined like this: Exp1 is evaluated. If it is true, then Exp2 is evaluated and becomes the value of the entire ? expression. If Exp1 is false, then Exp3 is evaluated and its value becomes the value of the expression.
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